Does creatine improve memory and brain health?
Short answer
Possibly a small boost to memory.
Two pooled reviews of trials found slightly better memory scores with creatine. But the largest single trial found no clear gain, results varied between studies, and most trials were small and short.
This page says what the research shows. It does not say whether you should take creatine.
Where the evidence stands
Each dot is one on-topic paper. Steps near the top answer the question more directly. Select a dot to see the study.
↑ Stronger evidence
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Trials in people: memory and thinking
Trials that measured memory, thinking and brain health directly.
5 -
Trials in people: other measures
Trials that measured other health or performance measures.
6 -
Trials in people: lab tests or safety
Trials that measured lab tests, side effects or safety.
0None among the papers we read.
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Population studies
Studies that followed or surveyed groups of people. They show links, not causes.
0None among the papers we read.
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Blood levels and genes
Studies that link blood levels or genes to health.
0None among the papers we read.
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Animals
Studies in mice, rats, worms or flies.
1
↓ Weaker evidence
- Points to benefit
- Mixed
- No difference
- No direction
- Points to harm
Not on the ladder: 8 reviews of many studies (shown below), 1 opinion or narrative paper. Counts are papers, not people. Some studies appear in more than one paper.
See every studyWhat we found
- A pooled review of sixteen trials with 492 adults found memory scores were a little better with creatine (SMD = 0.31). Overall thinking and executive function did not improve. Xu 2024
- Another pooled review of 8 trials found memory gains in adults aged 66-76 (SMD = 0.88) but no clear effect at ages 11-31. Prokopidis 2023
- The largest trial, 123 adults on 5 g a day for 6 weeks, found no clear gain on its two main tests; its authors suggest a small benefit. Sandkühler 2023
- In older women, 24 weeks of creatine, with or without strength training, did not change any memory or attention test. Alves 2013
What the research says
Pooled reviews point to slightly better memory
Two reviews pooled the results of creatine trials. One combined sixteen trials with 492 adults and found better memory (SMD = 0.31), attention time and processing speed, with no gain in overall thinking. The other combined 8 trials and found better memory (SMD = 0.29).
The first review rated its memory finding as moderate certainty. An earlier review of six trials with 281 people said short-term memory and reasoning may improve, but results for other thinking skills conflicted.
Studies: Xu 2024, Prokopidis 2023, Avgerinos 2018
Reviews disagree on who gains most
One pooled review found the memory gain mainly in adults aged 66-76 (SMD = 0.88), with no clear effect at ages 11-31. The other found more benefit in people aged 18-60, in women and in people with diseases. An earlier review saw no change in young people.
A review of older adults found five of the six studies linked creatine to better thinking, but four were diet surveys, which show links, not causes, and three were rated poor quality.
Studies: Prokopidis 2023, Xu 2024, Avgerinos 2018, Marshall 2026
The largest and longest trials found no clear gain
The largest trial gave 123 people 5 g a day for 6 weeks. Its two main tests, a memory span test (p = 0.064) and a reasoning test (p = 0.327), showed no clear gain, though the authors suggest a small benefit. Side effects were more common with creatine.
A 24-week trial in older women found no change in any memory or attention test. A review of trials pairing creatine with exercise in older adults found no added effect on mental health measures. Another review found mixed results for thinking, though creatine did raise brain creatine levels.
Studies: Sandkühler 2023, Alves 2013, Stares 2020, McMorris 2024
Small, short trials often reported gains
Several small trials reported gains. In 45 young vegetarians, 5 g a day for six weeks improved working memory and reasoning. In a small trial in elderly people, one week of creatine improved all tasks but backward number recall. In 128 young women, memory improved only in vegetarians.
Three small trials tested creatine during 21, 24 or 36 hours without sleep. The creatine groups declined less on some thinking tasks; one saw this only on a complex task at 36 hours. Newer trials in women around menopause and adults aged 45-65 also reported gains.
Studies: Rae 2003, McMorris 2007, Benton 2011, McMorris 2006, McMorris 2007, Gordji-Nejad 2026, Korovljev 2026, Chun 2026
Brain injury and rare disease: early, thin evidence
A review of 15 articles on children, teens and mice with brain injury said creatine helped with injury problems, with clear results only after a month of use. Data in adults were lacking.
In one female patient with a rare gene problem that lowers brain creatine, 28 months of creatine, arginine and glycine brought clinical improvement. In rats, creatine sprayed in the nose raised brain creatine and improved maze memory. Rat results may not apply to people.
Studies: Newman 2023, Mejdahl Nielsen 2023, Chen 2023
What reviews of many studies found
Reviews pool or sum up earlier studies. They are not on the ladder, because they repeat studies already counted there.
Pooled review (meta-analysis) · Xu 2024
Pooled sixteen trials with 492 adults, healthy or with diseases. Creatine improved memory (SMD = 0.31), attention time and processing speed, but not overall thinking or executive function. Certainty was moderate for memory and low for the rest.
Pooled review (meta-analysis) · Prokopidis 2023
Pooled 8 trials in healthy people, out of 10 reviewed. Creatine improved memory scores (SMD = 0.29), with a larger gain in adults aged 66-76. Results varied a lot between trials.
Systematic review · Marshall 2026
Reviewed six studies with 1542 adults aged 55 and over: two trials and four diet surveys. Five of the six (83.3%) linked creatine to better memory and attention. Most studies were rated fair or poor quality.
Systematic review · McMorris 2024
Systematic review; the abstract does not give the number of studies. Creatine raised brain creatine a little, but effects on thinking were mixed. The authors say study designs and dosing need work.
How the research grew
The papers we read span 2003 to 2026. 7 of the 21 on-topic papers came out in 2024 to 2026. The earliest trial in people here is from 2003.
- 2000–04
- 2005–09
- 2010–14
- 2015–19
- 2020–24
- 2025–26
Each dot is one on-topic paper, colored by what it found. Rings mark key papers:
- 2003. Earliest trial here: memory gains in young vegetarians. Rae 2003
- 2007. Early trial in elderly people reported thinking gains. McMorris 2007
- 2018. Earliest review here of trials in healthy people. Avgerinos 2018
- 2023. Largest trial; no clear gain on main tests. Sandkühler 2023
- 2024. Biggest pooled review: sixteen trials, 492 adults. Xu 2024
Doses tested
10 trial papers gave a set daily amount in g a day, from 1.5 to 20. Each dot shows the dose and what the trial found.
- g a day0510152025
- Points to benefit
- Mixed
- No difference
- No direction
- Points to harm
One row per paper, so a trial reported in two papers appears twice.
Not shown: 1 trial paper with no single daily dose in the abstract, or a different unit.
Who funds this research
One of 11 trial papers has a company stake: an author chairs the advisory board of AlzChem, a creatine maker. Six trials have no disclosure in PubMed. The stake did not change the confidence rating.
- Company stake 1
- No disclosure in PubMed 6
- No stake declared 4
- Chun 2026Company stake
- Korovljev 2026No disclosure in PubMed
- McMorris 2007No disclosure in PubMed
- Rae 2003No disclosure in PubMed
- McMorris 2006No disclosure in PubMed
- McMorris 2007No disclosure in PubMed
- Benton 2011No disclosure in PubMed
- Sandkühler 2023No stake declared
- Alves 2013No stake declared
- Mabrey 2024No stake declared
- Gordji-Nejad 2026No stake declared
Funding rule. A stake is always shown. Confidence is lowered only when every supporting study comes from a party with a stake. "No disclosure in PubMed" means the PubMed record has no conflict-of-interest statement. It does not mean there is no conflict.
All 21 on-topic papers
Each paper shows what it tested, what it found, and who has a stake. Every paper also has its own page that explains how much it counts and how it fits. See every study as a list.
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The effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive performance-a randomised controlled study.
123 people · healthy adults, about half vegetarian and half meat-eaters
Tested5 g creatine a day vs placebo, 6 weeks each, in a crossover design
Bayesian analysis favored a small benefit, but neither main test showed a clear gain: memory span p = 0.064, reasoning p = 0.327. Other tests showed no benefit. Side effects were more common with creatine (RR = 4.25). Vegetarians did not gain more.
No differenceNo stake declaredAbstract onlyNo competing interests declared.
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Creatine supplementation associated or not with strength training upon emotional and cognitive measures in older women: a randomized double-blind study.
56 people · healthy older women
TestedCreatine (5 g a day, after 5 days of 20 g) or placebo, with or without strength training, 24 weeks
Creatine did not change any memory, attention or self-control test, with or without strength training. Depression scores did not differ between creatine and placebo (p = 0.60 without training, p = 0.83 with training).
No differenceNo stake declaredAbstract onlyNo competing interests declared.
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Randomized trial · measured the question itselfBenton et al., 2011The British journal of nutrition · PubMed
The influence of creatine supplementation on the cognitive functioning of vegetarians and omnivores.
128 people · young adult women, some vegetarian and some meat-eaters
Tested20 g creatine a day vs placebo for 5 days
Creatine did not change verbal fluency or vigilance. Vegetarians, but not meat-eaters, had better memory. Reaction-time answers varied less in everyone.
MixedNo disclosure in PubMedAbstract onlyNo disclosure in PubMed.
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Randomized trial · measured the question itselfMcMorris et al., 2007Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition · PubMed
Creatine supplementation and cognitive performance in elderly individuals.
32 people · elderly adults
Tested5 g creatine four times a day for 1 week, vs placebo; one group got placebo first, then creatine
Creatine improved all tasks except backward number recall. The groups were small (n = 15 and n = 17) and creatine was given for only one week.
Points to benefitNo disclosure in PubMedAbstract onlyNo disclosure in PubMed.
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Randomized trial · measured the question itselfRae et al., 2003Proceedings. Biological sciences · PubMed
Oral creatine monohydrate supplementation improves brain performance: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial.
45 people · young adult vegetarians
Tested5 g creatine a day vs placebo for six weeks, crossover
Creatine improved working memory (backward digit span) and reasoning test scores (p < 0.0001 for both).
Points to benefitNo disclosure in PubMedAbstract onlyNo disclosure in PubMed.
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Randomized trial · other health measuresKorovljev et al., 2026Journal of the American Nutrition Association · PubMed
The Effects of 8-Week Creatine Hydrochloride and Creatine Ethyl Ester Supplementation on Cognition, Clinical Outcomes, and Brain Creatine Levels in Perimenopausal and Menopausal Women (CONCRET-MENOPA): A Randomized Controlled Trial.
36 people · healthy women around menopause, average age 50.1
TestedCreatine HCl at 750 or 1,500 mg a day, or creatine HCl plus ethyl ester at 800 mg a day, vs placebo, for 8 weeks
The 1,500 mg dose beat placebo on reaction time (1.2 vs. 6.6%; p < 0.01) and raised frontal brain creatine (0.9 vs. 16.4%; p < 0.01). Its edge on mood swings was not clear (p = 0.06). No severe side effects.
Points to benefitNo disclosure in PubMedAbstract onlyNo disclosure in PubMed.
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Randomized trial · other health measuresChun et al., 2026Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · PubMed
Effects of creatine supplementation with and without exercise and diet intervention on body composition, cognitive function, and markers of health in middle-aged and older adults.
64 people · healthy, mostly inactive adults aged 45-65, with or without an exercise and diet plan
Tested2 × 5 g a day of creatine vs placebo (maltodextrin), 12 weeks
Over the 12-week trial in adults aged 45-65, creatine raised lean mass and strength and improved selected markers of thinking and memory, with or without exercise and diet. The authors call the thinking findings exploratory. It was well tolerated.
Points to benefitCompany stakeAbstract onlyOne author chairs the advisory board of AlzChem, a creatine maker, and has done industry-sponsored creatine research.
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Single-Dose Creatine Reduces Sleep Deprivation-Induced Deterioration in Cognitive Performance.
29 people · healthy adults kept awake for 21 hours
TestedOne dose of creatine (0.2 g per kg body weight) vs placebo
Creatine lessened the decline in logic, number and language-speed tasks and a vigilance test during sleep loss, by up to 12%.
Points to benefitNo stake declaredAbstract onlyOne author reports ties to imaging and drug firms; none make creatine supplements.
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The Effect of Creatine Nitrate and Caffeine Individually or Combined on Exercise Performance and Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
12 people · twelve trained young men
TestedCreatine nitrate 5 g a day, caffeine 400 mg a day, or both, vs placebo, 7 days each
Creatine nitrate plus caffeine improved a Stroop test score (p = 0.04; effect size = 0.163), more than caffeine alone. Exercise performance did not change.
Points to benefitNo stake declaredAbstract onlyNo competing interests declared.
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Creatine supplementation, sleep deprivation, cortisol, melatonin and behavior.
healthy adults kept awake for 36 hours while doing light exercise
Tested5 g creatine four times a day for 7 days vs placebo
The creatine group did better than placebo on a complex thinking task, but only at 36 h (p < 0.05). No differences between groups on short-term memory, reaction time, balance or mood.
MixedNo disclosure in PubMedAbstract onlyNo disclosure in PubMed.
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Effect of creatine supplementation and sleep deprivation, with mild exercise, on cognitive and psychomotor performance, mood state, and plasma concentrations of catecholamines and cortisol.
19 people · healthy adults kept awake for 24 hours
Tested5 g creatine four times a day for 7 days, vs placebo
After 24 hours awake, the creatine group declined less on random movement generation, choice reaction time, balance and mood. Stress hormones did not differ between groups.
Points to benefitNo disclosure in PubMedAbstract onlyNo disclosure in PubMed.
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Intranasal creatine administration increases brain creatine level and improves Barnes maze performance in rats.
rats
TestedCreatine hydrochloride sprayed in the nose vs swallowed vs nothing, then a maze memory test
Rats given creatine in the nose made fewer maze errors and had higher creatine in the memory-related brain areas than swallowed or control rats.
Points to benefitNo stake declaredAbstract onlyNo competing interests declared.
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Creatine and Cognition in Aging: A Systematic Review of Evidence in Older Adults.
6 studies, 1,542 people · mostly healthy older adults aged 55 and over
TestedCreatine pills (2 trials) or creatine eaten in food (4 surveys), linked to thinking scores
Six studies with 1542 people were found. Five of the six (83.3%) linked creatine to better thinking, mainly memory and attention. Only two were trials; four were diet surveys. Quality was good in one, fair in two and poor in three.
Points to benefitNo stake declaredAbstract onlyNo competing interests declared.
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The effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
16 studies, 492 people · healthy adults and adults with some diseases, aged 20.8 to 76.4
TestedCreatine monohydrate pills compared with placebo, from under 4 weeks to longer
Memory scores were better with creatine (SMD = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.18-0.44). Attention time and processing speed also improved. Overall cognitive function and executive function did not improve. Certainty was moderate for memory and low for the rest.
MixedNo stake declaredAbstract onlyNo competing interests declared.
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Creatine supplementation research fails to support the theoretical basis for an effect on cognition: Evidence from a systematic review.
people studied for creatine and thinking, including vegetarians, older adults and stressed people
TestedCreatine supplements compared with placebo
Creatine supplements can raise brain creatine, but only a little. Effects on thinking were somewhat equivocal. The authors say study designs and dosing need work.
No differenceNo disclosure in PubMedAbstract onlyNo disclosure in PubMed.
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Effects of creatine supplementation on memory in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
8 studies · healthy people, ages 11 to 76
TestedCreatine compared with placebo, about 2.2 to 20 g a day for 5 days to 24 weeks
Memory scores were better with creatine (SMD = 0.29, 95%CI, 0.04-0.53). The gain was larger in older adults (66-76 years; SMD = 0.88) than in younger people (11-31 years; SMD = 0.03), who showed no clear effect.
Points to benefitNo disclosure in PubMedAbstract onlyNo disclosure in PubMed.
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Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Implications of Creatine Supplementation for Brain Injury Complications.
15 studies · children, teens and mice with traumatic brain injury
TestedCreatine supplements for effects after brain injury
The review of 15 articles says creatine helped with brain-injury complications. Results were only clinically significant after a month of supplementation. Adults and military members were not covered.
Points to benefitNo disclosure in PubMedAbstract onlyNo disclosure in PubMed.
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The Additive Effects of Creatine Supplementation and Exercise Training in an Aging Population: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.
17 studies · healthy older adults who also exercised
TestedCreatine plus exercise compared with exercise alone
The review mainly looked at muscle and bone. The limited data suggested no added effect of creatine over exercise alone on mental health measures, including cognition.
No differenceNo disclosure in PubMedAbstract onlyNo disclosure in PubMed.
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Systematic reviewKaviani et al., 2020International journal of environmental research and public health · PubMed
Benefits of Creatine Supplementation for Vegetarians Compared to Omnivorous Athletes: A Systematic Review.
9 studies · vegetarians, many of them athletes
TestedCreatine supplements, compared with omnivores or placebo
Creatine had no effect on brain levels of phosphocreatine. Brain function (memory and intelligence) improved in vegetarians. Risk of bias was moderate to high. The review mainly covers muscle and sport results.
Points to benefitNo stake declaredAbstract onlyNo competing interests declared.
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Effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function of healthy individuals: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
6 studies, 281 people · healthy people, mostly young adults, some older and stressed
TestedCreatine by mouth compared with placebo
Short-term memory and reasoning may improve with creatine. Results for long-term memory, attention and reaction time were conflicting. Young people showed no change.
MixedNo disclosure in PubMedAbstract onlyNo disclosure in PubMed.
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X-linked creatine transporter (SLC6A8) deficiency in females: Difficult to recognize, but a potentially treatable disease.
1 person · girls and women with a rare gene problem that keeps creatine out of the brain
TestedOne new case treated 28 months with creatine, arginine and glycine, plus a review of 32 reported female cases
The new case improved clinically and brain creatine rose after 28 months of treatment. The authors say supplementation should be tested in these patients.
No weight on the ladderNo stake declaredAbstract onlyOne author reports speaker and consulting fees from drug firms; none make creatine supplements.
27 papers we read and set aside as off topic
- Kreider et al., 2021. Creatine in Health and Disease. (systematic review)
- Frye et al., 2024. Biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (pooled review (meta-analysis))
- Ashtary-Larky et al., 2025. Creatine Supplementation in Combat Sport Athletes: A Narrative Systematic Review. (systematic review)
- Brastianos et al., 2023. BRAF-MEK Inhibition in Newly Diagnosed Papillary Craniopharyngiomas. (trial, not randomized)
- von Lewinski et al., 2022. Empagliflozin in acute myocardial infarction: the EMMY trial. (randomized trial)
- Hansen et al., 2022. Tapentadol and oxycodone reduce cingulate glutamate in healthy volunteers. (randomized trial)
- Wang et al., 2024. Sunvozertinib for patients in China with platinum-pretreated locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer and EGFR exon 20 insertion mutation (WU-KONG6): single-arm, open-label, multicentre, phase 2 trial. (trial, not randomized)
- Sherpa et al., 2025. Efficacy and safety profile of oral creatine monohydrate in add-on to cognitive-behavioural therapy in depression: An 8-week pilot, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled feasibility and exploratory trial in an under-resourced area. (randomized trial)
- Yang et al., 2025. Phase II Dose-Randomized Study of Sunvozertinib in Platinum-Pretreated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Exon 20 Insertion Mutations (WU-KONG1B). (randomized trial)
- Tremoulet et al., 2019. Phase I/IIa Trial of Atorvastatin in Patients with Acute Kawasaki Disease with Coronary Artery Aneurysm. (trial, not randomized)
- Dreyling et al., 2025. A Randomized Controlled 'REAL-FITNESS' Trial to Evaluate Physical Activity in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma. (randomized trial)
- Zanini et al., 2025. Creatine with guanidinoacetic acid improves prefrontal brain oxygenation before, during, and after a cognitive task: A randomized controlled pilot trial. (randomized trial)
- Frederick et al., 2002. Brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Alzheimer disease: changes after treatment with xanomeline. (randomized trial)
- Zanini et al., 2021. The effects of 6-month hydrogen-rich water intake on molecular and phenotypic biomarkers of aging in older adults aged 70 years and over: A randomized controlled pilot trial. (randomized trial)
- Murali-Manohar et al., 2024. Metabolite T1 relaxation times decrease across the adult lifespan. (population study: one-time survey)
- Andescavage et al., 2023. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Brain Metabolism in Fetuses With Congenital Heart Disease. (population study: followed a group)
- Meier et al., 2023. [Diagnostics of cardiac amyloidosis]. (opinion or narrative review)
- Krzyściak et al., 2024. From periphery immunity to central domain through clinical interview as a new insight on schizophrenia. (population study: cases vs controls)
- Zhang et al., 2024. Predicting the risk of 1-year mortality among patients hospitalized for acute heart failure in China. (population study: followed a group)
- Tiniakou et al., 2022. Clinical and histopathological features of myositis in systemic lupus erythematosus. (population study: cases vs controls)
- Bao et al., 2022. Early renal impairment is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. (population study: followed a group)
- Harshfield et al., 2022. Metabolomic profiling in small vessel disease identifies multiple associations with disease severity. (blood level study)
- Tselios et al., 2019. Antimalarial-induced Cardiomyopathy in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: As Rare as Considered? (other)
- Mallik et al., 2023. Is creatine a CNS neurotransmitter? (opinion or narrative review)
- Rosko et al., 2023. Cerebral Creatine Deficiency Affects the Timing of Oligodendrocyte Myelination. (animal study)
- Wang et al., 2024. Creatine mapping of the brain at 3T by CEST MRI. (animal study)
- Cui et al., 2022. Curcumin-driven reprogramming of the gut microbiota and metabolome ameliorates motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. (animal study)
Words on this page
- SMD (standardized mean difference)
- A way to compare results measured on different scales. About 0.2 is a small effect, 0.5 medium, and 0.8 large.
- Relative risk (RR)
- Compares the risk in two groups. 1 means no difference. 0.85 means 15% lower risk.
- 95% CI (confidence interval)
- The range where the true result likely lies. If the range includes no effect (1 for ratios, 0 for differences), the result is not clear.
- p-value (p =)
- How likely a result this large would be by chance if there were no real effect. Below 0.05 is usually called a clear result.
- Placebo
- A dummy pill or fake treatment, so people do not know which group they are in.
- Pooled review (meta-analysis)
- A study that combines the results of many earlier studies to get one overall answer.
- Marker
- A lab or scan result that stands in for a health outcome. A better marker does not always mean better health.
How the short answer is set
Fixed rules turn the studies into the short answer, so the same studies always give the same answer. The rules start from GRADE, a standard system for rating evidence, in plain language.
| Confidence | What it means |
|---|---|
| High | We are confident the answer is right. |
| Moderate | The answer is probably right, but it could change. |
| Low (this page) | The answer may well change. |
| Very low | Any answer is very uncertain. |
| Not tested in people | Only cell or animal studies exist. |
Why low here
- Trials in people measured memory and thinking test scores directly.
- Two pooled reviews of trials both found slightly better memory with creatine.
- Most trials were small and short; several lasted one week or less.
- Results disagree: the largest trial and a 24-week trial found no clear gain.
How this page was made
Label
- Search
- PubMed, Nov 14, 2026. Searches written by Claude Opus 5.5; papers ranked by PubMed
- First read of all 48 papers
- Claude Sonnet
- Independent second read
- Claude Haiku
- Disagreements settled by
- Claude Opus 5.5
- Page text written by
- Claude Opus 5.5
- Charts
- Drawn by code from the study records
- Source check by a person
- Not yet. Required before search engines may list this page.
- Expert review
- No
- Papers read in full
- 0 of 48; all from PubMed abstracts
- Method
- v0.2, created Nov 14, 2026
Search. We ran four PubMed searches for creatine supplements and memory, thinking and brain health: pooled and systematic reviews since 2012 (10 of 90), trials in people (22 of 376), population studies (10 of 363), animal studies (6 of 1,212). The first number is how many papers we read; the second is how many PubMed found. We took the ones PubMed ranks as most relevant. See the full PubMed search. Of the 48 papers read, 21 were on topic.
Limits. Digestery reads at most about 60 papers per question, so large fields are sampled, not covered in full. Abstracts can leave out key details, such as side effects and funding.
Review queue
These items wait for a person. Search engines are asked not to list the page until the first one is done.
- OpenThe short answer is new. It waits for a source check by a person.
- OpenZanini 2025 (creatine plus GAA, brain oxygen only, AlzChem-tied author) set not relevant after reads disagreed; confirm exclusion.
- OpenSherpa 2025: creatine added to talk therapy lowered depression scores. Both reads marked it off-topic; decide if depression counts as brain health.
- OpenRosko 2023: mostly a mouse gene study, but notes creatine supplements helped myelin repair; marked off-topic by both reads. Check.
- OpenPooled reviews Xu 2024 and Prokopidis 2023 may include the same trials as each other and as trials listed here; avoid counting overlap twice.
- OpenMcMorris sleep-loss trials McMorris 2006 and McMorris 2007 use the same 7-day dosing; check whether they share participants. McMorris 2007 gives no sample size.
- OpenSandkühler 2023 lists registration DRKS00017250 in its abstract, but the trial registry field is empty.
- OpenSleep-loss trials kept outcome_kind 'function'; other thinking-test trials set to 'real_outcome'. Check consistency for the dose picture.
Page history
| Date | Change | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Nov 14, 2026 | Page created from 48 papers. | First version of the page. |
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